However, a paper I've just been reading might have the answer. With the great title "No Bot Expects the Deep CAPTCHA!" it presents a new technique called DeepCAPTCHA which abandons the ever increasing amount of general adversarial noise being added to CAPTCHA images to introduce a concept called "immutable adversarial noise" (IAN).
We've known for some time the CAPTCHAs are vulnerable to automated systems. I wrote about some work my colleagues had done on just this problem in various banking systems back in 2012.